折射率是最常见的眼睛障碍，是可更正视觉障碍的关键原因，造成了美国近80％的视觉障碍。可以使用多种方法诊断折射误差，包括主观折射，视网膜镜检查和自动磨蚀器。尽管主观折射是黄金标准，但它需要患者的合作，因此不适合婴儿，幼儿和发育迟缓的成年人。视网膜镜检查是一种客观折射方法，不需要患者的任何输入。但是，视网膜镜检查需要镜头套件和训练有素的检查员，这限制了其用于大规模筛查的使用。在这项工作中，我们通过将智能手机连接到视网膜镜和录制视网膜镜视频与患者戴着定制的纸框架来自动化自动化。我们开发了一个视频处理管道，该管道将视网膜视频视为输入，并根据我们提出的视网膜镜检查数学模型的扩展来估算净屈光度错误。我们的系统减轻了对镜头套件的需求，可以由未经培训的检查员进行。在一项185只眼睛的临床试验中，我们的灵敏度为91.0％，特异性为74.0％。此外，与主观折射测量相比，我们方法的平均绝对误差为0.75 $ \ pm $ 0.67D。我们的结果表明，我们的方法有可能用作现实世界中医疗设置中的基于视网膜镜检查的折射率筛选工具。

由于捕获的图像中的严重噪音，弱光下的场景推断是一个具有挑战性的问题。减少噪音的一种方法是在捕获过程中使用更长的曝光。但是，在有运动（场景或相机运动）的存在下，较长的暴露会导致运动模糊，从而导致图像信息的丢失。这在这两种图像降解之间创造了权衡取舍：运动模糊（由于长期暴露）与噪声（由于曝光短），也称为本文中的双图像损坏对。随着摄像机的兴起，能够同时捕获同一场景的多次暴露，因此可以克服这一权衡。我们的主要观察结果是，尽管这些不同图像捕获的降解的数量和性质各不相同，但在所有图像中，语义内容保持不变。为此，我们提出了一种方法，以利用这些多曝光捕获在弱光和运动下的鲁棒推理。我们的方法建立在功能一致性损失的基础上，以鼓励这些单个捕获的类似结果，并利用其最终预测的合奏来实现强大的视觉识别。我们证明了方法对模拟图像的有效性以及具有多个暴露的真实捕获，以及对象检测和图像分类的任务。

多语言代币器是多语言神经机器翻译的基本组成部分。它是通过多语种语料库训练的。由于偏斜的数据分布被认为是有害的，因此通常使用采样策略来平衡语料库中的语言。但是，很少有作品系统地回答了令牌训练中的语言失衡如何影响下游的表现。在这项工作中，我们分析了翻译性能如何随着语言之间的数据比率而变化，而在令牌培训语料库中的变化。我们发现，虽然当语言更加同样地采样时，通常会观察到相对较好的性能，但下游性能对语言不平衡的性能比我们通常预期的要强。在执行任务之前，可以警告两个功能，即UNK速率和接近角色水平，可以警告下游性能不佳。我们还将令牌训练的语言抽样与模型培训的采样分开，并表明该模型对后者更敏感。

互动对象理解，或者我们可以对对象做些什么以及计算机愿景的长期目标。在本文中，我们通过观察野外的自我高端视频的人类手来解决这个问题。我们展示了观察人类的手与之交互以及如何提供相关数据和必要的监督。参加双手，容易定位并稳定积极的物体以进行学习，并揭示发生与对象的交互的地方。分析手显示我们可以对物体做些什么以及如何做些。我们在史诗厨房数据集上应用这些基本原则，并成功地学习了国家敏感的特征，以及互动区域和提供了麦克拉斯的地区），纯粹是通过观察在EGoCentric视频中的手。

Object movement identification is one of the most researched problems in the field of computer vision. In this task, we try to classify a pixel as foreground or background. Even though numerous traditional machine learning and deep learning methods already exist for this problem, the two major issues with most of them are the need for large amounts of ground truth data and their inferior performance on unseen videos. Since every pixel of every frame has to be labeled, acquiring large amounts of data for these techniques gets rather expensive. Recently, Zhao et al. [1] proposed one of a kind Arithmetic Distribution Neural Network (ADNN) for universal background subtraction which utilizes probability information from the histogram of temporal pixels and achieves promising results. Building onto this work, we developed an intelligent video surveillance system that uses ADNN architecture for motion detection, trims the video with parts only containing motion, and performs anomaly detection on the trimmed video.

Several self-supervised representation learning methods have been proposed for reinforcement learning (RL) with rich observations. For real-world applications of RL, recovering underlying latent states is crucial, particularly when sensory inputs contain irrelevant and exogenous information. In this work, we study how information bottlenecks can be used to construct latent states efficiently in the presence of task-irrelevant information. We propose architectures that utilize variational and discrete information bottlenecks, coined as RepDIB, to learn structured factorized representations. Exploiting the expressiveness bought by factorized representations, we introduce a simple, yet effective, bottleneck that can be integrated with any existing self-supervised objective for RL. We demonstrate this across several online and offline RL benchmarks, along with a real robot arm task, where we find that compressed representations with RepDIB can lead to strong performance improvements, as the learned bottlenecks help predict only the relevant state while ignoring irrelevant information.

Sarcasm is a form of irony that involves saying or writing something that is opposite or opposite to what one really means, often in a humorous or mocking way. It is often used to mock or mock someone or something, or to be humorous or amusing. Sarcasm is usually conveyed through tone of voice, facial expressions, or other forms of nonverbal communication, but it can also be indicated by the use of certain words or phrases that are typically associated with irony or humor. Sarcasm detection is difficult because it relies on context and non-verbal cues. It can also be culturally specific, subjective and ambiguous. In this work, we fine-tune the RoBERTa based sarcasm detection model presented in Abaskohi et al. [2022] to get to within 0.02 F1 of the state-of-the-art (Hercog et al. [2022]) on the iSarcasm dataset (Oprea and Magdy [2019]). This performance is achieved by augmenting iSarcasm with a pruned version of the Self Annotated Reddit Corpus (SARC) (Khodak et al. [2017]). Our pruned version is 100 times smaller than the subset of SARC used to train the state-of-the-art model.

Prompting large language models has enabled significant recent progress in multi-step reasoning over text. However, when applied to text generation from semi-structured data (e.g., graphs or tables), these methods typically suffer from low semantic coverage, hallucination, and logical inconsistency. We propose MURMUR, a neuro-symbolic modular approach to text generation from semi-structured data with multi-step reasoning. MURMUR is a best-first search method that generates reasoning paths using: (1) neural and symbolic modules with specific linguistic and logical skills, (2) a grammar whose production rules define valid compositions of modules, and (3) value functions that assess the quality of each reasoning step. We conduct experiments on two diverse data-to-text generation tasks like WebNLG and LogicNLG. These tasks differ in their data representations (graphs and tables) and span multiple linguistic and logical skills. MURMUR obtains significant improvements over recent few-shot baselines like direct prompting and chain-of-thought prompting, while also achieving comparable performance to fine-tuned GPT-2 on out-of-domain data. Moreover, human evaluation shows that MURMUR generates highly faithful and correct reasoning paths that lead to 26% more logically consistent summaries on LogicNLG, compared to direct prompting.

Vision transformers (ViTs) have achieved impressive results on various computer vision tasks in the last several years. In this work, we study the capability of frozen ViTs, pretrained only on visual data, to generalize to audio-visual data without finetuning any of its original parameters. To do so, we propose a latent audio-visual hybrid (LAVISH) adapter that adapts pretrained ViTs to audio-visual tasks by injecting a small number of trainable parameters into every layer of a frozen ViT. To efficiently fuse visual and audio cues, our LAVISH adapter uses a small set of latent tokens, which form an attention bottleneck, thus, eliminating the quadratic cost of standard cross-attention. Compared to the existing modality-specific audio-visual methods, our approach achieves competitive or even better performance on various audio-visual tasks while using fewer tunable parameters and without relying on costly audio pretraining or external audio encoders. Our code is available at https://genjib.github.io/project_page/LAVISH/

In this work, we introduce IndicXTREME, a benchmark consisting of nine diverse tasks covering 18 languages from the Indic sub-continent belonging to four different families. Across languages and tasks, IndicXTREME contains a total of 103 evaluation sets, of which 51 are new contributions to the literature. To maintain high quality, we only use human annotators to curate or translate\footnote{for IndicXParaphrase, where an automatic translation system is used, a second human verification and correction step is done.} our datasets. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first effort toward creating a standard benchmark for Indic languages that aims to test the zero-shot capabilities of pretrained language models. We also release IndicCorp v2, an updated and much larger version of IndicCorp that contains 20.9 billion tokens in 24 languages. We pretrain IndicBERT v2 on IndicCorp v2 and evaluate it on IndicXTREME to show that it outperforms existing multilingual language models such as XLM-R and MuRIL.